The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration hit Ford with the second-largest civil penalty in its history, saying the automaker failed to recall vehicles in a timely manner.

The three-year consent order includes a civil penalty of up to $165 million, which is shy only of the Takata air bag consent order.

The U.S. auto-safety agency said Ford failed to recall more than 600,000 vehicles with defective parts in a timely manner.